Al-Andalus to Gaza: Reading Al-Rundī’s Riṯāʾ al-Andalus in Light of Muslim Rulers’ Political Failures and Betrayal
By Abdul Hai There are three notable events in Islamic history that shook the Muslim Ummah to its core. The first was the series of Christian Crusades between 1096–1291, which appeared to break the very spirit of the Muslims. The second was the Mongol assault on Baghdad in 1258, during which hundreds of thousands of…